Mapping/Modeling
Hugh Dubberly has a design firm called Dubberly Design Offce.
Concept maps explore big ideas, present research and stand alone, often as posters.
Working models show user goals and tasks, technology systems and business processes, and reflect what we learn about a project's contest.

"Graphic designers often focus on identity; interface designers tend to focus on interaction; yet these areas overlap quite a lot."
For Dubberly, concept mapping is an essential tool for defining and detailing the objectives of a project and also for forming a strong partnership with a client.
Client: Java "Rather than imposing an architecture on the site design, the map informed the site more organically."
Collage
Nancy Skolos and Thomas Wedell use collage as a starting point.
Collages can help spark symbolic associations.
The team created 3D shapes to mimic African masks. They then photographed those 3D objects and superimposed the text needed for the poster.
The team created 3D shapes to mimic African masks. They then photographed those 3D objects and superimposed the text needed for the poster.